*The Ruling on suicide and on offering the funeral prayer for one who has committed suicide,
And the Major Scholars of today clarify the Ruling on the Muslim who commits Suicide
*Question and Answer:
Shaykh 'Abdul-'Azeez bin Baaz, Shaykh Muhammad ibn Saalih Ibn al-'Uthaymeen, Shaykh Saalih al-Fowzaan:
Suicide is a major sin. The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) stated that the one who commits suicide will be punished with something like that with which he killed himself.
Abu Hurayrah (may Allaah be pleased with him) narrated that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said:
“Whoever throws himself down from a mountain and kills himself will be in the Fire of Hell, throwing himself down therein for ever and ever. Whoever takes poison and kills himself, his poison will be in his hand and he will be sipping it in the Fire of Hell for ever and ever. Whoever kills himself with a piece of iron, that piece of iron will be in his hand and he will be stabbing himself in the stomach with it in the Fire of Hell, for ever and ever.” Narrated by al-Bukhaari, 5442; Muslim, 109.
It was narrated from Thaabit ibn al-Dahhaak (may Allaah be pleased with him) that the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said:
“Whoever kills himself with something in this world will be punished with it on the Day of Resurrection.” Narrated by al-Bukhaari, 5700; Muslim, 110.
It was narrated that Jundub ibn ‘Abd-Allaah (may Allaah be pleased with him) said: The Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said:
“Among those who came before you there was a man who was wounded and he panicked, so he took a knife and cut his hand with it, and the blood did not stop flowing until he died. Allaah said: ‘My slave hastened to bring about his demise; I have forbidden Paradise to him.” Narrated by al-Bukhaari, 3276; Muslim, 113.
The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) refrained from offering the funeral prayer for one who had committed suicide, as a punishment to him and so as to deter others from doing what he had done. But he gave the people permission to offer the funeral prayer for him, so it is Sunnah for the people of knowledge and virtue not to offer the funeral prayer for one who has committed suicide, following the example of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him).
It was narrated that Jaabir ibn Samurah (may Allaah have mercy on him) said: A man who had killed himself with a broad arrow-head was brought to the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) and he did not offer the funeral prayer for him. Narrated by Muslim, 978.
This hadeeth is evidence for those who say that the funeral prayer should not be offered for one who killed himself because of his sin. This is the view of ‘Umar ibn ‘Abd al-‘Azeez and al-Awzaa’i. But al-Hasan, al-Nakha’i, Qataadah, Maalik, Abu Haneefah, al-Shaafa’i and the majority of scholars said that the funeral prayer should be offered for him. They responded to this hadeeth by pointing out that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) did not offer the funeral prayer for him himself so as to deter the people from doing something similar, but the Sahaabah offered the funeral prayer for him.
Killing oneself is a major sin, and there are stern warnings addressed to the one who does that, but it does not put one beyond the pale of Islam. In the Sunnah it shows that it is permissible for ordinary people to offer the funeral prayer for one who commits suicide, but it is prescribed for the elite, such as scholars and prominent figures, not to offer the funeral prayer for him, as a rebuke and so as to deter others from doing likewise. It was narrated that Jaabir ibn Samurah said: A man who had killed himself with a broad, sharp-edged arrow was brought to the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) and he did not offer the funeral prayer for him. Narrated by Muslim (978).
Al-Nawawi said:
The scholars said: this hadeeth is to be understood as a deterrent to suicide, just as he did not offer the funeral prayer for one who was in debt, but the Sahaabah offered the funeral prayer for the debtor on the command of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him). That was in order to deter others from getting into debt, not because he was a kaafir. According to Maalik it is makrooh to offer the funeral prayer for one who has been stoned to death as a hadd punishment, and one who was immoral, as an expression of disapproval.
Sharh Muslim, 7/47.
Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyah was asked about a man who claimed to be a holy man, then he saw a snake and some of the people wanted to kill it, but he stopped them, then he picked up the snake trying to do a miraculous deed, but the snake bit him and he died. Is it permissible to offer the funeral prayer for him or not?
He replied:
Praise be to Allaah, the Lord of the Worlds. The scholars and people who are religiously committed should not pray for this man and others like him, but the ordinary people should pray for him, just as the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) refrained from praying for a man who had committed suicide, and one who had stolen from the war-booty, but he said:
“Pray for your companion.” They said to Samurah ibn Jundub: “Your son did not sleep last night.” He said, “Was it because he ate too much?” They said: “Yes.” He said: “If he had died I would not have prayed for him.”
Samurah explained that if he died because he had eaten too much, he would not pray for him, because he would have killed himself by eating too much. And it is more appropriate that the scholars and those who are religiously-committed should refrain from offering the funeral prayer for this man who prevented others from killing the snake, and held it in his hand until it killed him, because he killed himself.
Al-Fataawa al-Kubra, 3/20, 21
Shaykh al-Islam also said:
If a person refrains from praying for one of them – i.e., the one who stole from the war-booty, the one who killed himself and the debtor – as a deterrent to others from doing likewise, then that is good. But if he refrains from praying for him in public but makes du’aa’ for him in private, then he will achieve two ends, which is better than omitting one of them.
Al-Ikhtiyaaraat al-‘Ilmiyyah, p. 52.
Shaykh ‘Abd al-‘Azeez ibn Baaz was asked:
Can the funeral prayer be offered for one who kills himself?
He replied:
Some of the Muslims should pray for him, as for any other sinner, because he is still a Muslim according to Ahl al-Sunnah.
Majmoo’ Fataawa al-Shaykh Ibn Baaz, 13/162.
And he was asked:
Should one who killed himself be washed and the funeral prayer offered for him?
He replied:
The one who killed himself should be washed and the funeral prayer offered for him, and he should be buried with the Muslims, because he is a sinner, but he is not a kaafir; killing oneself is a sin, it is not kufr.
If a person kills himself – Allaah forbid – he should be washed and shrouded, and the funeral prayer offered for him, but the ruler and important figures should refrain from offering the funeral prayer for him as an act of denunciation, lest anyone think that they approve of what he did. If the caliph, ruler, judges, governor, mayor etc do not offer the funeral prayer for him as an act of denunciation and a declaration that this was wrong, then that is a good thing, but some of the worshippers should offer the prayer for him.
Majmoo’ Fataawa al-Shaykh Ibn Baaz, 13/122; Fataawa Islamiyyah, 2/62
And Allaah knows best.
THE MAJOR SCHOLARS OF TODAY CLARIFY THE RULING ON THE MUSLIM WHO COMMITS SUICIDE
Shaykh 'Abdul-'Azeez bin Baaz, Shaykh Muhammad ibn Saalih Ibn al-'Uthaymeen, Shaykh Saalih al-Fowzaan:
The major scholars of our time were asked regarding the janaazah of those who have commited suicide, and whether or not they should be buried with the muslims. In three seperate answers, they explain how the one who commited suicide is still a Muslim.
This is in opposition to the Khawaarij and Mu'tazilah sects, two stray groups, who say: Sinful people who enter the Fire remain there forever, and this is a huge mistake.
Shaykh 'Abdul-'Azeez bin Baaz:
Shaykh Ibn Baaz (may Allaah have Mercy on him) was asked, "If someone commits suicide because of certain situations in his life and other factors that make it difficult for him to live and provide for his family, does this mean that he will abide eternally in Jahannam (the Fire)?"
He responded:
Suicide is a great evil, and one of the major sins. A Muslim is not allowed to commit suicide. Allaah, the Mighty and Majestic, says, (what means),
وَلَا تَقْتُلُوا أَنفُسَكُمْ ۚ إِنَّ اللَّـهَ كَانَ بِكُمْ رَحِيمًا
"And do not kill yourselves! Verily, Allaah is ever-merciful to you!"
[Soorah an-Nisaa, 4:29]
And the Prophet (may Allaah raise his rank and grant him peace) said in the authentic hadeeth (what means), "Whoever kills himself with something will be punished by it on the Day of Standing."
So it is obligatory on Muslims to have patience and perserverance if they face some calamities or difficulties in their lives, [and] not to rush and kill themselves. Rather, they must be warned of that, fear Allaah, be patient, and work through it by taking the necessary steps, and whoever fears Allaah, then Allaah will make a way out for him.
If someone kills himself, he subjects himself to the Anger of Allaah and His Punishment, however, it will be up to Allaah (to punish him or not), since suicide is less than shirk, and Allaah, the Most High, has said (what means),
إِنَّ اللَّـهَ لَا يَغْفِرُ أَن يُشْرَكَ بِهِ وَيَغْفِرُ مَا دُونَ ذَٰلِكَ لِمَن يَشَاء
"Verily Allaah does not forgive that partners be set up for Him, and He forgives what is less than that for whomever He wills."
[Soorah an-Nisaa', 4:48]
Everything less than shirk is up to Allaah to forgive, and suicide is less than shirk. Similarly is the case with fornication, stealing, and drinking alcohol - they are all forms of disobedience less than shirk, and the one who does them is under Allaah's Will, (meaning) if he dies upon that disobedience Allaah may forgive him if He wants, due to his good deeds and his Islaam. And if Allaah wishes He may punish him in the Fire based on the severity of his sin. Then, after he is purified he will be taken out of the Fire. According to Ahlus-Sunnah wal-Jamaa'ah he will not remain in the Fire eternally. A sinful person does not remain forever in the Fire, not a murderer or anyone else stays in the Fire forever. He shall be punished if Allaah wants to punish him, for however long Allaah wishes to punish him based on the severity of his disobedience, and then Allaah will have him removed and taken to a river called "the River of Life." People will grow there (from whatever remains after burning in the Fire) as a seedling grows after being washed up by floodwaters.
Once their restoration is completed, Allaah will allow them to enter Paradise because of their Islaam and their Eemaan that they died upon. The only ones that shall remain in the Fire eternally are the disbelievers. The only ones who shall remain in the Fire eternally are the polytheist disbelievers who disbelieved in Allaah and His Messengers, rejected His (other) Messengers, denied something that the Messengers came with, or did other things of this nature that expel one from Islaam. Sins do not cause someone to remain in the Fire eternally according to Ahlus-Sunnah wal-Jamaa'ah.
This is in opposition to the Khawaarij and Mu'tazilah sects, two stray groups, who say: Sinful people who enter the Fire remain there forever, and this is a huge mistake.
Ahlus-Sunnah wal-Jamaa'ah, the Companions of the Prophet (may Allaah raise his rank and grant him peace), and those who followed in righteousness say: Sinful people do not have to remain in the Fire forever so long as they do not declare the act of disobedience to be permissible, while knowing it is disobedience. If the Shaytaan tricked him into doing it then he is not to remain in the Fire forever, rather it is up to Allaah - He may choose to excuse him and allow him entrance to Paradise because of his Islaam and Eemaan, or He may choose to punish him based on the severity of his disobedience. Then, once purified Allaah will make him exit the Fire and enter Paradise. The hadeeths from the Messenger (may Allaah raise his rank and grant him peace) about this have come by way of tawaatur (convincingly large numbers of chains), that some people who enter the Fire because of their sins will then be taken out of the Fire through (various) intercessions, or only by His Mercy without any other intercession, Glorified and Exalted. All of this is authentically established from the Messenger of Allaah (may Allaah raise his rank and grant him peace).1
Shaykh Muhammad ibn Saalih Ibn al-'Uthaymeen:
Shaykh Ibn al-'Uthaymeen (may Allaah have Mercy on him) was asked, "Should someone who committed suicide be washed and prayed over?"
He responded by saying:
Someone who commits suicide - and Allaah's Refuge is sought - has killed himself intentionally without right. His act of suicide was a manifestation of his foolishness, since he thought that by killing himself he could escape the trials and difficulties he was facing. However, he has only moved on to more difficult, more severe trials. He is like someone who wanted to get out of the heat, so he went into a Fire!
It has been authentically established that the Prophet (may Allaah raise his rank, and that of his family, and grant them peace) said that "Whoever kills himself with something will be punished by that thing in the Hellfire khaalidan mukhalladan abadan ."
Refuge with Allaah is sought! Whoever kills himself with a knife (or other metal object) will be in the Hellfire cutting himself with it. Similarly, whoever dies by poisoning himself will poison himself in the Fire of Hell! Whoever jumps off a mountain or a building will repeat that in the Fire of Hell khaalidan mukhalladan abadan! .
So suicide is not a solution, nor does it provide any relief from sadness and distress! It only makes the person's bad situation even worse.
However, if a Muslim commits suicide, he is to be washed, shrouded, and prayed over. But if the tribal leader, local judge, or elder - whoever makes important decisions - in the area decides not to pray over him, that is a good thing, since the Prophet (may Allaah raise his rank and grant him peace) refused to pray over a man who killed himself with a knife (or the metal head of a spear or arrow). However, the other people pray over him and supplicate for him to receive Mercy. This is because he was not an apostate due to his act of suicide, rather he commmitted a horrible major sin (less than apostacy). We ask Allaah for good situations (free of strife)!
In summary, people who commit suicide are to be washed, shrouded, prayed over, and buried in the Muslims' graveyards, so long as they were Muslims. And if the local leader decides not to pray over someone (who committed suicide) so that others would be take an admonition (about the severity of the crime), this is a good thing, following the example of the Messenger of Allaah (may Allaah raise his rank and that of his family and grant them peace).
Shaykh Saalih al-Fowzaan:
Shaykh Saalih al-Fowzaan (may Allaah preserve him) was asked, "Is it allowed for the Muslims to pray over someone who committed suicide?"
He responded by:
It is obligatory to establish the janaazah (prayer) for every Muslim, even for someone who has committed suicide. That is because his act of suicide was a major sin, yet it does not expel him from the religion. Someone who has committed suicide is a sinner who has all the rights of the other Muslims, like being prayed over, forgiveness being sought for him, and being washed, shrouded, and buried in the Muslims' graveyards.3
khaalidan mukhalladan abadan: a very scary phrase from the Messenger of Allaah (sallallaahu 'alayhe wa sallam) which seems to indicate and even emphasize eternal punishment in the Hellfire forever, yet the scholars of Ahlus-Sunnah understood that eternal punishment was not intended in this hadeeth, despite the strength of the wording used. They combined this hadeeth with the rest of the textual evidences which prove that a sinful Muslim will not remain in the Fire forever.
Two evidences are key here. Firstly, the generality of the Qur'aanic verse (which means): " Verily Allaah forgives not that partners be set up for Him, yet He forgives what is less than that for whomever He wishes" [4:48] This is confirmed for the issue of suicide specifically by a hadeeth in Saheeh Muslim (#113) that gives details about someone who committed suicide and was forgiven by Allaah, and the Messenger (sallallaahu 'alayhe wa sallam) even made a special supplication for him.
An-Nawawee said, "This hadeeth explains the other hadeeths before it that might indicate from their wordings at first glance that someone who commits suicide and other major sinners are to remain forever in the Fire." (Sharh Muslim, 2/131)
#Q: a sister asked a question
Her brother committed suicide and she is asking serious questions about the will of
My younger brother died by hanging himself. He was only 25 yrs.old. The problem was a small tiff between my mother and himself. We are all deeply shocked and very much grieved. There are so many questions that I would like to ask you regarding this situation. Firstly, why did Allah choose this kind of death for my brother. Secondly, my father is 65 yrs old and he is very pious and my mother is extremely kind and gentle. Why did Allah show this day in their lives? Thirdly, how can we help him (my brother) who is no more? How can we see him in jannat? Can we convey our salam to him? Will our salam reach him?
Also, after we did autopsy we found out that his death was not because of strangulation but because his spinal cord broke. Actually what happened was, there was a swing made out of a cloth for my kid in the room. My brother he took a stool which was nearby and tied it around his neck saying i will take my life. My mother was in the same room, praying. We feel it was not suicide, maybe it was his anger which made him do this.
His friends tell us that he was not the kind to commit suicide. In fact he used to advice his friends against it if they mentioned it.
His funeral was also good and his face did not look like he was suffering or anything. It looked like he was sleeping and we just had to wake him up. Does this indicate
Please reply to this as we are very troubled by this sudden demise.
Praise be to Allaah.
In dealing with these questions we must note three things, which are:
1 – Everything happens by the will and decree of Allaah. Everything that happens in this universe, good or bad, happens by the decree of Allaah, under His control and by His will, for there is no lord except Him and no controller besides Him.
2 – We must believe that He is wise in all that He decrees, for His is the utmost wisdom in all that happens in this universe, whether we understand that or not. Indeed, much of Allaah’s wisdom cannot be comprehended by the minds of His slaves. So we must submit to Allaah, by believing that His wisdom is perfect. It is not permissible for us to object to Him, whether that means objecting to His laws or to His decrees.
3 – Suicide is a major sin and a bad end. The one who kills himself in order to escape calamities or poverty or the results of distress or anger has, by doing that, exposed himself to the punishment of Allaah. Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):
“… And do not kill yourselves (nor kill one another). Surely, Allaah is Most Merciful to you.
And whoever commits that through aggression and injustice, We shall cast him into the Fire, and that is easy for Allaah”
[al-Nisa’ 4:29]
And it was narrated in al-Saheehayn that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “Whoever kills himself with a piece of iron, that iron will be in his hand and he will be stabbing himself in the stomach with it in Hell for ever and ever. Whoever kills himself with poison, that poison will be in his hand and he will be drinking it in Hell…”
Whatever happened in this case, we must refer the matter to Allaah. What appears to be the case is that what happened was suicide, because he hung himself, i.e., he tied a rope around his neck and strangled himself. So either he committed suicide or he wanted to commit suicide. And Allaah knows best.
As for the righteousness of the parents, this does not mean that Allaah will not test them with some calamities, so as to show their patience and so as to erase thereby their sins. For the believer’s whole affair is good: if something good happens to him he gives thanks for it, and that is good for him, and if something bad happens to him, he bears it with patience, and that is good for him, and this applies only to the believer. So being tested with calamities does not mean that the believer is insignificant before Allaah if he is righteous and obeys Allaah. For belief in Allaah, obeying Him and fearing Him are the means that lead to one being honoured by Allaah, and kufr, immorality and disobedience are the means that lead to one being regarded as worthless by Allaah. Whoever is tested with some calamity and bears that with patience, that will raise him in status. Calamities are of different kinds, it may be a sickness, or loss of wealth, or loss of a loved one such as a son, brother, father, husband or wife. Allaah tests His slaves with ease and with calamities, with good and bad, as Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):
“and We shall make a trial of you with evil and with good. And to Us you will be returned”[al-Anbiya’ 21:35]
If the suicide stemmed from ignorance and the person was righteous and obeyed Allaah, and prayed regularly, then there is the hope that Allaah may forgive him, for He is the Most Merciful of those who show mercy. However, if he knew of the ruling on suicide, but he resorted to that in order to get rid of a problem from which he was suffering, then there is the danger that he is included in the warning of the punishment narrated in the hadeeth. But nevertheless he was still a believer in Allaah and His Messenger and a follower of Tawheed, not a mushrik, so he is subject to the will of Allaah. If Allaah wills He will forgive him, and if He wills he will punish him, but even if He punishes him He will eventually bring him forth from the Fire, because Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):
“Verily, Allaah forgives not that partners should be set up with Him (in worship), but He forgives except that (anything else) to whom He wills”[al-Nisa’ 4:48]
And the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “Everyone who says Laa ilaaha ill-Allaah (there is no god except Allaah) and has an atom’s-weight of faith in his heart will be brought forth from the Fire.”
With regard to his washing and preparation for burial, and his good appearance, that may indeed be a sign that his situation is good, that the consequences will be good for him and that he is excused and forgiven by his Lord. But we cannot be certain about any of these things, although these signs may give us hope. If the one who committed suicide was a Muslim, a follower of Tawheed and one who prayed regularly, then we can show kindness towards him by praying for forgiveness for him and asking Allaah to forgive him his sins, and to forgive him for whatever he did to himself that ended up in suicide.
With regard to what is said in the question criticizing the way which Allaah chose for him to die, this is a kind of objecting to the decree of Allaah. Allaah is the One Who decrees; He is the Creator of all things, and all things are subject to His decree. He is the Most Wise, the All-Knowing, but whatever action is done that goes against His law cannot be justified by saying that this is the decree of Allaah. Whatever happens in the universe of such events does not mean that it is permissible to object to the decree of Allaah, rather we are obliged to believe in the Divine decree and in the Wisdom of the Lord, may He be glorified and exalted.
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And the Major Scholars of today clarify the Ruling on the Muslim who commits Suicide
*Question and Answer:
Shaykh 'Abdul-'Azeez bin Baaz, Shaykh Muhammad ibn Saalih Ibn al-'Uthaymeen, Shaykh Saalih al-Fowzaan:
Suicide is a major sin. The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) stated that the one who commits suicide will be punished with something like that with which he killed himself.
Abu Hurayrah (may Allaah be pleased with him) narrated that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said:
“Whoever throws himself down from a mountain and kills himself will be in the Fire of Hell, throwing himself down therein for ever and ever. Whoever takes poison and kills himself, his poison will be in his hand and he will be sipping it in the Fire of Hell for ever and ever. Whoever kills himself with a piece of iron, that piece of iron will be in his hand and he will be stabbing himself in the stomach with it in the Fire of Hell, for ever and ever.” Narrated by al-Bukhaari, 5442; Muslim, 109.
It was narrated from Thaabit ibn al-Dahhaak (may Allaah be pleased with him) that the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said:
“Whoever kills himself with something in this world will be punished with it on the Day of Resurrection.” Narrated by al-Bukhaari, 5700; Muslim, 110.
It was narrated that Jundub ibn ‘Abd-Allaah (may Allaah be pleased with him) said: The Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said:
“Among those who came before you there was a man who was wounded and he panicked, so he took a knife and cut his hand with it, and the blood did not stop flowing until he died. Allaah said: ‘My slave hastened to bring about his demise; I have forbidden Paradise to him.” Narrated by al-Bukhaari, 3276; Muslim, 113.
The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) refrained from offering the funeral prayer for one who had committed suicide, as a punishment to him and so as to deter others from doing what he had done. But he gave the people permission to offer the funeral prayer for him, so it is Sunnah for the people of knowledge and virtue not to offer the funeral prayer for one who has committed suicide, following the example of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him).
It was narrated that Jaabir ibn Samurah (may Allaah have mercy on him) said: A man who had killed himself with a broad arrow-head was brought to the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) and he did not offer the funeral prayer for him. Narrated by Muslim, 978.
This hadeeth is evidence for those who say that the funeral prayer should not be offered for one who killed himself because of his sin. This is the view of ‘Umar ibn ‘Abd al-‘Azeez and al-Awzaa’i. But al-Hasan, al-Nakha’i, Qataadah, Maalik, Abu Haneefah, al-Shaafa’i and the majority of scholars said that the funeral prayer should be offered for him. They responded to this hadeeth by pointing out that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) did not offer the funeral prayer for him himself so as to deter the people from doing something similar, but the Sahaabah offered the funeral prayer for him.
Killing oneself is a major sin, and there are stern warnings addressed to the one who does that, but it does not put one beyond the pale of Islam. In the Sunnah it shows that it is permissible for ordinary people to offer the funeral prayer for one who commits suicide, but it is prescribed for the elite, such as scholars and prominent figures, not to offer the funeral prayer for him, as a rebuke and so as to deter others from doing likewise. It was narrated that Jaabir ibn Samurah said: A man who had killed himself with a broad, sharp-edged arrow was brought to the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) and he did not offer the funeral prayer for him. Narrated by Muslim (978).
Al-Nawawi said:
The scholars said: this hadeeth is to be understood as a deterrent to suicide, just as he did not offer the funeral prayer for one who was in debt, but the Sahaabah offered the funeral prayer for the debtor on the command of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him). That was in order to deter others from getting into debt, not because he was a kaafir. According to Maalik it is makrooh to offer the funeral prayer for one who has been stoned to death as a hadd punishment, and one who was immoral, as an expression of disapproval.
Sharh Muslim, 7/47.
Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyah was asked about a man who claimed to be a holy man, then he saw a snake and some of the people wanted to kill it, but he stopped them, then he picked up the snake trying to do a miraculous deed, but the snake bit him and he died. Is it permissible to offer the funeral prayer for him or not?
He replied:
Praise be to Allaah, the Lord of the Worlds. The scholars and people who are religiously committed should not pray for this man and others like him, but the ordinary people should pray for him, just as the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) refrained from praying for a man who had committed suicide, and one who had stolen from the war-booty, but he said:
“Pray for your companion.” They said to Samurah ibn Jundub: “Your son did not sleep last night.” He said, “Was it because he ate too much?” They said: “Yes.” He said: “If he had died I would not have prayed for him.”
Samurah explained that if he died because he had eaten too much, he would not pray for him, because he would have killed himself by eating too much. And it is more appropriate that the scholars and those who are religiously-committed should refrain from offering the funeral prayer for this man who prevented others from killing the snake, and held it in his hand until it killed him, because he killed himself.
Al-Fataawa al-Kubra, 3/20, 21
Shaykh al-Islam also said:
If a person refrains from praying for one of them – i.e., the one who stole from the war-booty, the one who killed himself and the debtor – as a deterrent to others from doing likewise, then that is good. But if he refrains from praying for him in public but makes du’aa’ for him in private, then he will achieve two ends, which is better than omitting one of them.
Al-Ikhtiyaaraat al-‘Ilmiyyah, p. 52.
Shaykh ‘Abd al-‘Azeez ibn Baaz was asked:
Can the funeral prayer be offered for one who kills himself?
He replied:
Some of the Muslims should pray for him, as for any other sinner, because he is still a Muslim according to Ahl al-Sunnah.
Majmoo’ Fataawa al-Shaykh Ibn Baaz, 13/162.
And he was asked:
Should one who killed himself be washed and the funeral prayer offered for him?
He replied:
The one who killed himself should be washed and the funeral prayer offered for him, and he should be buried with the Muslims, because he is a sinner, but he is not a kaafir; killing oneself is a sin, it is not kufr.
If a person kills himself – Allaah forbid – he should be washed and shrouded, and the funeral prayer offered for him, but the ruler and important figures should refrain from offering the funeral prayer for him as an act of denunciation, lest anyone think that they approve of what he did. If the caliph, ruler, judges, governor, mayor etc do not offer the funeral prayer for him as an act of denunciation and a declaration that this was wrong, then that is a good thing, but some of the worshippers should offer the prayer for him.
Majmoo’ Fataawa al-Shaykh Ibn Baaz, 13/122; Fataawa Islamiyyah, 2/62
And Allaah knows best.
THE MAJOR SCHOLARS OF TODAY CLARIFY THE RULING ON THE MUSLIM WHO COMMITS SUICIDE
Shaykh 'Abdul-'Azeez bin Baaz, Shaykh Muhammad ibn Saalih Ibn al-'Uthaymeen, Shaykh Saalih al-Fowzaan:
The major scholars of our time were asked regarding the janaazah of those who have commited suicide, and whether or not they should be buried with the muslims. In three seperate answers, they explain how the one who commited suicide is still a Muslim.
This is in opposition to the Khawaarij and Mu'tazilah sects, two stray groups, who say: Sinful people who enter the Fire remain there forever, and this is a huge mistake.
Shaykh 'Abdul-'Azeez bin Baaz:
Shaykh Ibn Baaz (may Allaah have Mercy on him) was asked, "If someone commits suicide because of certain situations in his life and other factors that make it difficult for him to live and provide for his family, does this mean that he will abide eternally in Jahannam (the Fire)?"
He responded:
Suicide is a great evil, and one of the major sins. A Muslim is not allowed to commit suicide. Allaah, the Mighty and Majestic, says, (what means),
وَلَا تَقْتُلُوا أَنفُسَكُمْ ۚ إِنَّ اللَّـهَ كَانَ بِكُمْ رَحِيمًا
"And do not kill yourselves! Verily, Allaah is ever-merciful to you!"
[Soorah an-Nisaa, 4:29]
And the Prophet (may Allaah raise his rank and grant him peace) said in the authentic hadeeth (what means), "Whoever kills himself with something will be punished by it on the Day of Standing."
So it is obligatory on Muslims to have patience and perserverance if they face some calamities or difficulties in their lives, [and] not to rush and kill themselves. Rather, they must be warned of that, fear Allaah, be patient, and work through it by taking the necessary steps, and whoever fears Allaah, then Allaah will make a way out for him.
If someone kills himself, he subjects himself to the Anger of Allaah and His Punishment, however, it will be up to Allaah (to punish him or not), since suicide is less than shirk, and Allaah, the Most High, has said (what means),
إِنَّ اللَّـهَ لَا يَغْفِرُ أَن يُشْرَكَ بِهِ وَيَغْفِرُ مَا دُونَ ذَٰلِكَ لِمَن يَشَاء
"Verily Allaah does not forgive that partners be set up for Him, and He forgives what is less than that for whomever He wills."
[Soorah an-Nisaa', 4:48]
Everything less than shirk is up to Allaah to forgive, and suicide is less than shirk. Similarly is the case with fornication, stealing, and drinking alcohol - they are all forms of disobedience less than shirk, and the one who does them is under Allaah's Will, (meaning) if he dies upon that disobedience Allaah may forgive him if He wants, due to his good deeds and his Islaam. And if Allaah wishes He may punish him in the Fire based on the severity of his sin. Then, after he is purified he will be taken out of the Fire. According to Ahlus-Sunnah wal-Jamaa'ah he will not remain in the Fire eternally. A sinful person does not remain forever in the Fire, not a murderer or anyone else stays in the Fire forever. He shall be punished if Allaah wants to punish him, for however long Allaah wishes to punish him based on the severity of his disobedience, and then Allaah will have him removed and taken to a river called "the River of Life." People will grow there (from whatever remains after burning in the Fire) as a seedling grows after being washed up by floodwaters.
Once their restoration is completed, Allaah will allow them to enter Paradise because of their Islaam and their Eemaan that they died upon. The only ones that shall remain in the Fire eternally are the disbelievers. The only ones who shall remain in the Fire eternally are the polytheist disbelievers who disbelieved in Allaah and His Messengers, rejected His (other) Messengers, denied something that the Messengers came with, or did other things of this nature that expel one from Islaam. Sins do not cause someone to remain in the Fire eternally according to Ahlus-Sunnah wal-Jamaa'ah.
This is in opposition to the Khawaarij and Mu'tazilah sects, two stray groups, who say: Sinful people who enter the Fire remain there forever, and this is a huge mistake.
Ahlus-Sunnah wal-Jamaa'ah, the Companions of the Prophet (may Allaah raise his rank and grant him peace), and those who followed in righteousness say: Sinful people do not have to remain in the Fire forever so long as they do not declare the act of disobedience to be permissible, while knowing it is disobedience. If the Shaytaan tricked him into doing it then he is not to remain in the Fire forever, rather it is up to Allaah - He may choose to excuse him and allow him entrance to Paradise because of his Islaam and Eemaan, or He may choose to punish him based on the severity of his disobedience. Then, once purified Allaah will make him exit the Fire and enter Paradise. The hadeeths from the Messenger (may Allaah raise his rank and grant him peace) about this have come by way of tawaatur (convincingly large numbers of chains), that some people who enter the Fire because of their sins will then be taken out of the Fire through (various) intercessions, or only by His Mercy without any other intercession, Glorified and Exalted. All of this is authentically established from the Messenger of Allaah (may Allaah raise his rank and grant him peace).1
Shaykh Muhammad ibn Saalih Ibn al-'Uthaymeen:
Shaykh Ibn al-'Uthaymeen (may Allaah have Mercy on him) was asked, "Should someone who committed suicide be washed and prayed over?"
He responded by saying:
Someone who commits suicide - and Allaah's Refuge is sought - has killed himself intentionally without right. His act of suicide was a manifestation of his foolishness, since he thought that by killing himself he could escape the trials and difficulties he was facing. However, he has only moved on to more difficult, more severe trials. He is like someone who wanted to get out of the heat, so he went into a Fire!
It has been authentically established that the Prophet (may Allaah raise his rank, and that of his family, and grant them peace) said that "Whoever kills himself with something will be punished by that thing in the Hellfire khaalidan mukhalladan abadan ."
Refuge with Allaah is sought! Whoever kills himself with a knife (or other metal object) will be in the Hellfire cutting himself with it. Similarly, whoever dies by poisoning himself will poison himself in the Fire of Hell! Whoever jumps off a mountain or a building will repeat that in the Fire of Hell khaalidan mukhalladan abadan! .
So suicide is not a solution, nor does it provide any relief from sadness and distress! It only makes the person's bad situation even worse.
However, if a Muslim commits suicide, he is to be washed, shrouded, and prayed over. But if the tribal leader, local judge, or elder - whoever makes important decisions - in the area decides not to pray over him, that is a good thing, since the Prophet (may Allaah raise his rank and grant him peace) refused to pray over a man who killed himself with a knife (or the metal head of a spear or arrow). However, the other people pray over him and supplicate for him to receive Mercy. This is because he was not an apostate due to his act of suicide, rather he commmitted a horrible major sin (less than apostacy). We ask Allaah for good situations (free of strife)!
In summary, people who commit suicide are to be washed, shrouded, prayed over, and buried in the Muslims' graveyards, so long as they were Muslims. And if the local leader decides not to pray over someone (who committed suicide) so that others would be take an admonition (about the severity of the crime), this is a good thing, following the example of the Messenger of Allaah (may Allaah raise his rank and that of his family and grant them peace).
Shaykh Saalih al-Fowzaan:
Shaykh Saalih al-Fowzaan (may Allaah preserve him) was asked, "Is it allowed for the Muslims to pray over someone who committed suicide?"
He responded by:
It is obligatory to establish the janaazah (prayer) for every Muslim, even for someone who has committed suicide. That is because his act of suicide was a major sin, yet it does not expel him from the religion. Someone who has committed suicide is a sinner who has all the rights of the other Muslims, like being prayed over, forgiveness being sought for him, and being washed, shrouded, and buried in the Muslims' graveyards.3
khaalidan mukhalladan abadan: a very scary phrase from the Messenger of Allaah (sallallaahu 'alayhe wa sallam) which seems to indicate and even emphasize eternal punishment in the Hellfire forever, yet the scholars of Ahlus-Sunnah understood that eternal punishment was not intended in this hadeeth, despite the strength of the wording used. They combined this hadeeth with the rest of the textual evidences which prove that a sinful Muslim will not remain in the Fire forever.
Two evidences are key here. Firstly, the generality of the Qur'aanic verse (which means): " Verily Allaah forgives not that partners be set up for Him, yet He forgives what is less than that for whomever He wishes" [4:48] This is confirmed for the issue of suicide specifically by a hadeeth in Saheeh Muslim (#113) that gives details about someone who committed suicide and was forgiven by Allaah, and the Messenger (sallallaahu 'alayhe wa sallam) even made a special supplication for him.
An-Nawawee said, "This hadeeth explains the other hadeeths before it that might indicate from their wordings at first glance that someone who commits suicide and other major sinners are to remain forever in the Fire." (Sharh Muslim, 2/131)
#Q: a sister asked a question
Her brother committed suicide and she is asking serious questions about the will of
My younger brother died by hanging himself. He was only 25 yrs.old. The problem was a small tiff between my mother and himself. We are all deeply shocked and very much grieved. There are so many questions that I would like to ask you regarding this situation. Firstly, why did Allah choose this kind of death for my brother. Secondly, my father is 65 yrs old and he is very pious and my mother is extremely kind and gentle. Why did Allah show this day in their lives? Thirdly, how can we help him (my brother) who is no more? How can we see him in jannat? Can we convey our salam to him? Will our salam reach him?
Also, after we did autopsy we found out that his death was not because of strangulation but because his spinal cord broke. Actually what happened was, there was a swing made out of a cloth for my kid in the room. My brother he took a stool which was nearby and tied it around his neck saying i will take my life. My mother was in the same room, praying. We feel it was not suicide, maybe it was his anger which made him do this.
His friends tell us that he was not the kind to commit suicide. In fact he used to advice his friends against it if they mentioned it.
His funeral was also good and his face did not look like he was suffering or anything. It looked like he was sleeping and we just had to wake him up. Does this indicate
Please reply to this as we are very troubled by this sudden demise.
Praise be to Allaah.
In dealing with these questions we must note three things, which are:
1 – Everything happens by the will and decree of Allaah. Everything that happens in this universe, good or bad, happens by the decree of Allaah, under His control and by His will, for there is no lord except Him and no controller besides Him.
2 – We must believe that He is wise in all that He decrees, for His is the utmost wisdom in all that happens in this universe, whether we understand that or not. Indeed, much of Allaah’s wisdom cannot be comprehended by the minds of His slaves. So we must submit to Allaah, by believing that His wisdom is perfect. It is not permissible for us to object to Him, whether that means objecting to His laws or to His decrees.
3 – Suicide is a major sin and a bad end. The one who kills himself in order to escape calamities or poverty or the results of distress or anger has, by doing that, exposed himself to the punishment of Allaah. Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):
“… And do not kill yourselves (nor kill one another). Surely, Allaah is Most Merciful to you.
And whoever commits that through aggression and injustice, We shall cast him into the Fire, and that is easy for Allaah”
[al-Nisa’ 4:29]
And it was narrated in al-Saheehayn that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “Whoever kills himself with a piece of iron, that iron will be in his hand and he will be stabbing himself in the stomach with it in Hell for ever and ever. Whoever kills himself with poison, that poison will be in his hand and he will be drinking it in Hell…”
Whatever happened in this case, we must refer the matter to Allaah. What appears to be the case is that what happened was suicide, because he hung himself, i.e., he tied a rope around his neck and strangled himself. So either he committed suicide or he wanted to commit suicide. And Allaah knows best.
As for the righteousness of the parents, this does not mean that Allaah will not test them with some calamities, so as to show their patience and so as to erase thereby their sins. For the believer’s whole affair is good: if something good happens to him he gives thanks for it, and that is good for him, and if something bad happens to him, he bears it with patience, and that is good for him, and this applies only to the believer. So being tested with calamities does not mean that the believer is insignificant before Allaah if he is righteous and obeys Allaah. For belief in Allaah, obeying Him and fearing Him are the means that lead to one being honoured by Allaah, and kufr, immorality and disobedience are the means that lead to one being regarded as worthless by Allaah. Whoever is tested with some calamity and bears that with patience, that will raise him in status. Calamities are of different kinds, it may be a sickness, or loss of wealth, or loss of a loved one such as a son, brother, father, husband or wife. Allaah tests His slaves with ease and with calamities, with good and bad, as Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):
“and We shall make a trial of you with evil and with good. And to Us you will be returned”[al-Anbiya’ 21:35]
If the suicide stemmed from ignorance and the person was righteous and obeyed Allaah, and prayed regularly, then there is the hope that Allaah may forgive him, for He is the Most Merciful of those who show mercy. However, if he knew of the ruling on suicide, but he resorted to that in order to get rid of a problem from which he was suffering, then there is the danger that he is included in the warning of the punishment narrated in the hadeeth. But nevertheless he was still a believer in Allaah and His Messenger and a follower of Tawheed, not a mushrik, so he is subject to the will of Allaah. If Allaah wills He will forgive him, and if He wills he will punish him, but even if He punishes him He will eventually bring him forth from the Fire, because Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):
“Verily, Allaah forgives not that partners should be set up with Him (in worship), but He forgives except that (anything else) to whom He wills”[al-Nisa’ 4:48]
And the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “Everyone who says Laa ilaaha ill-Allaah (there is no god except Allaah) and has an atom’s-weight of faith in his heart will be brought forth from the Fire.”
With regard to his washing and preparation for burial, and his good appearance, that may indeed be a sign that his situation is good, that the consequences will be good for him and that he is excused and forgiven by his Lord. But we cannot be certain about any of these things, although these signs may give us hope. If the one who committed suicide was a Muslim, a follower of Tawheed and one who prayed regularly, then we can show kindness towards him by praying for forgiveness for him and asking Allaah to forgive him his sins, and to forgive him for whatever he did to himself that ended up in suicide.
With regard to what is said in the question criticizing the way which Allaah chose for him to die, this is a kind of objecting to the decree of Allaah. Allaah is the One Who decrees; He is the Creator of all things, and all things are subject to His decree. He is the Most Wise, the All-Knowing, but whatever action is done that goes against His law cannot be justified by saying that this is the decree of Allaah. Whatever happens in the universe of such events does not mean that it is permissible to object to the decree of Allaah, rather we are obliged to believe in the Divine decree and in the Wisdom of the Lord, may He be glorified and exalted.
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